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It is likely that it just needs time. If you are in an area where it has been colder than normal, then this can cause a delay in sprouting. What zone are you in? Can you provide a picture of the bed?

You can go ahead and start cutting the canes out a few at a time each day until they are gone. The new growth will take over. This article will guide you with the care of these: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/asparagus/growing-asparagus.htm

It usually takes a year for seedlings to form crowns.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/asparagus/planting-asparagus-how-to-make-an-asparagus-bed.htm

Yes, this will be safe to eat, but exposure to the light will bring back its color. This bleaching is due to the lack of chlorophyll, which is because of the lack of light.

16-16-8 fertilizer is hard to find, except at a few farm supply retailers. Some lawn fertilizers also have this ratio. However, you can substitute any fertilizer that has the same or similar ratio of approximately equal amounts N and P with a lower amount of K. Poultry manure is one option because it is high in N and P with less K.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/fertilizer-numbers-npk.htm

A well established Asparagus patch is very hardy. Give the patch a bit more time.
Water if the soil is dry. 1 to 2 inches of water per week for an established bed.