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You can use the same soil that had weed killer in it. The weed killer breaks down quickly and does not remain in your soil. You could mix in some compost or aged manure if you want to give it a boost, then plant away. (You can check on the bottle of weed killer for days to wait to plant.)

It sounds like you have done all that you can. If there is enough in the soil to do any damage, it will not allow for your plants to make it far enough for you to consume. If you get anything from your plants, it will mean that there isn't enough in the soil to make a difference.

Unfortunately, there is not much to be done in this situation.

It should be safe if you read and follow all the instructions and warnings on the label. Many people fail to dress appropriately or take precautions with the spray, resulting in unsafe usage. It tells on the label how quickly the chemicals become inert.

This, really, depends on the type of mushroom that you put in. There are thousands of white mushrooms, so it would be difficult to say if they were of any harm or not.

Bad soil smells, typically, indicate poor drainage and sulfur reducing bacteria. Overwatering, and wet soils will be the cause of this.

You may need to repot into fresh potting soil, and be sure to water when the soil is dry down to a depth of 2 or 3 inches or so.

A fungicide will be necessary. This article will help:

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/using-fungicides-in-garden.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/gardenia/gardenia-plant.htm

Unfortunately, I am unable to identify the issue, as your photos did not come through.

There are many mushrooms that can fit this description, but a photo will help.

In the meantime, this collection of articles will offer information on fungi:

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/fungus-lichen

There is no set rule for animals that consume meat, but the only problem is dog feces. Being a meat eater, they can carry some pretty wild diseases and pathogens that CAN be transferred to humans through consuming contaminated crops. Generally, for fresh manure, this is a 90 day period, but since we are talking about dog feces- Better safe than sorry.

The only, true, way to be sure that nothing remains in your soil is to have it tested. Here are some articles that will help:

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/extension-search

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/test-soil-for-pests-and-diseases.htm

There are a few things that you can do to help the process along, though. This article will help:

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/sanitizing-garden-soil-after-pets.htm