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It probably would not have enough light, plus there are probably some electrical issues or ordinances that it would not work with.

But if you are looking to help the air quality and natural feel of the room, this video may interest you:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmn7tjSNyAA

These articles will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/spaces/learn-the-basic-elements-of-an-english-garden.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/spaces/learn-to-plant-a-basic-english-cottage-garden.htm

These articles should help with that: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/starting/how-to-start-your-flower-garden.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/tropical/tropical-flowers-plants-for-borders.htm

Wonderful! Starting a garden is a great idea.

This article will help you with starting a flower bed:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/starting/how-to-build-a-flower-bed-starting-a-flower-bed-from-scratch.htm

And this is our guide for starting vegetable patches:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/vgen/starting-vegetable-gardens-guide.htm

And some information on growing tomatoes:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/tomato/growing-tomatoes-guide.htm

Do you know the exact kind of insulation you will be using? There are several kinds of carbon neutral insulation. My gut says that it should work, but I would need to know the exact kind to be sure. Other than that, I would recommend testing it first. Perhaps you could snitch a small piece and see if it retains water. I am sorry I cannot be more help.

No, it is not necessary to use concrete when placing this type of edging in the ground. However, it depends on what kind you are using and whether or not it will be built up (like a retaining wall), which may require mortar. If you're simply placing it around a bed (single layer), then leaving it as is should be adequate.