What can I do to help my plants to produce heads? They are very large and leafy, but no signs of heads. They are in containers and have been watered regularly.
They need cool weather in order to form heads. You can help keep them "cool" by placing mulch around the base of the plants, even container plants.
I've cut out my cauliflower head and am well pleased; will the plant produce just the one head? Or is it like broccoli, which will produce spears along the sides after the initial head is harvested? If not, I want to pull up the plant and let the soil rest before putting in fall peas.
You will get just one head of Cauliflower.
Here is a link about harvesting.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/harvest-cauliflower.htm
My cauliflower heads are yellow, some white and some have little black dots on them. What does that mean? Just like to know when is a good time to pick the cauliflower and what do the black dots mean. Also, some heads look like they are turning purple.
The spots are call Pepper Spots and are a fungus.
Most pathologists don't consider this fungus harmful to eat.
Here is more information for you.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/growing-cauliflower.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/purple-tint-on-cauliflower.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/harvest-cauliflower.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/harvest-cauliflower.htm
I am a first time cauliflower grower. My cauliflower heads are finally producing, but I see many small bunches of light green spheres on it. They are pretty mushy to the touch, and I am just not sure what they are! They tend to disintigrate when I touch them. Please advise as to what they are thanks!! They did NOT appear on my broccoli plants.
This is likely damage from a Cabbage worm.
Here is more information.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/growing-cauliflower.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cabbage/protecting-your-cabbages-from-cabbage-maggot-cabbageworm-and-cabbage-moth.htm
My cauliflower started turning gray at the tips, so I harvested it early. I think it could have gotten bigger, so I cut the gray stuff off the tips when I was doing so. There was this little black bug inside eating my vegetable. Is that what ruined my cauliflower? What can I do to prevent this?
Here is a link with more information and should help you pinpoint the issue.
Neem Oil can be used to treat the plants, but if the Cabbage has all ready been picked you can usually cut out the damaged area.
A Cabbage that is harvested to early may be bitter to taste.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cabbage/protecting-your-cabbages-from-cabbage-maggot-cabbageworm-and-cabbage-moth.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/insects/root-maggots.htm
I've harvested my cauliflower, so do I rip the plant roots and all out or cut it at the base? Also, I had one that went to flower. Can I get seeds from it?
Yes, once the Cauliflower head is harvested you can dig up the entire plant and compost it.
You can harvest seed from Cauliflower plants and there are specifics to doing so.
I have also included a link with this information.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/harvest-cauliflower.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/harvesting-cauliflower-seeds.htm
Cauliflower seedlings curling up and brown/grey - why? The leaves at the bottom of the stem over the last six weeks have been turning brown/grey and then curling up and becoming lifeless. They were potted into compost after purchase from Aldi.
I believe that your cauliflower seedlings have downy mildew. The following article will give you more information on downy mildew along with a course of treatment:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/disease/downy-mildew.htm