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I suspect what you're looking at are seed pods. This article has information on the many types of plant known as jasmine, and how to plant the seeds: https://www.doityourself.com/stry/growing-and-planting-jasmine-from-seeds#b

You can plant another one, but it might be helpful to learn what happened to the first one, so the same thing doesn't happen again. You can also prune severely, and see what happens. I'm going to give you a couple of articles on growing and pruning jasmine, but without knowing more about what your "mess" looks like, or which kind of jasmine (there are dozens of different plants called jasmine) you have, I'm afraid I can't be more helpful.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/growing-jasmine-plants.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/trimming-jasmine-plants.htm

I don't know exactly what plant you are referring to; blooming night jasmine is Cestrum nocturnum. then there are several lilies that bloom at night, any of which can be known by the common name of night lily or lily of the night. Without being able to look up any specific information on the plant, I can give you an article which lists common reasons for plants failing to flower: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/environmental/plant-not-blooming.htm

Some bushes like to be transplanted when they're dormant (early or late winter,) but most plants prefer to be moved in early spring, before they've started to grow, to early summer, when they're full of energy. Also, there are hundreds of varieties of jasmine, and without knowing the particularities of yours, or of your weather, it's hard for me to say for sure that you can move the plant now. Here's an article about things you want to be careful of in transplanting: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/environmental/learn-how-to-avoid-and-repair-transplant-shock-in-plants.htm
You might use the nearest botanical garden to put you in touch with a Master Gardener who could give you more specific advice>

If you don't see any bugs, chances are the reduction of light between outdoors and indoors, even though the plant is in a sunny window, has been enough to cause the leaf drop. Plants do better when they are slowly accustomed to the lower light. This article will tell you more: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/acclimate-plants-indoors-winter.htm

Pruning jasmine is easy - just get a pair of pruners, and whack away. Of course there's more to it than that. The best time to prune is just after flowering, but since you feel that yours is overwhelming you, you probably won't mind losing flowers for a year, if you cut at the wrong time. So go ahead and prune as soon as you want, and feel free to cut back a lot. This article will give you some encouragement: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/trimming-jasmine-plants.htm