Q.cyclamen plant
#1 What is a tuber?
#2 The plant grows these balls on the end of a stem after the flower drops. Are they seeds, and if not, what are they? Should I cut these balls off or what should I do with them?
A Tuber is the underground part of the stem that bears the buds that will become new plants. It stores nutrients for the plant.
Yes, your Cyclamen can produce a seed pods after or near when it is done blooming.
These seed pods can be used to grow new plants or just removed and discarded.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/cyclamen/cyclamen-care.htm