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With a garden shaped like that, I would recommend that you take a look at square foot gardening, especially for corn. You plant in squares, instead of rows and it is easier for smaller gardens.This article has more on square foot gardens: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/plants-per-square-foot.htm

This article will help with growing sweet corn: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/corn/grow-sweet-corn.htm

Since corn has shallow roots, it is best to use a soaker hose (or something similar) to allow the water to penetrate the soil rather than runoff, which usually happens with overhead watering. This article should also help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/corn/grow-sweet-corn.htm

These articles should help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/corn/how-to-grow-corn.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/corn/grow-sweet-corn.htm

It sounds like your corn has Stewart's wilt. It often leaves slimy patches on the leaves as this is the bacteria that causes the disease. This article will explain more:
https://www.extension.iastate.edu/publications/pm1627.pdf

This really depends on the variety of corn you are growing...60-day, 70-day or 90-day corn. However, most types of corn are usually ready to pick about 20 days after you see signs of the first silk growing. In order to pick the corn, just grab the ear, twist and pull in a downward motion and snap it off quickly.