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It may have sustained cold damage. While there are a couple different plants called a five finger plant, rubber plant isn't one of them. So I'm not certain what you have but either of those do not tolerate cold weather. Follow these directions to help save the plant:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/environmental/tips-for-saving-cold-damaged-plants.htm

It looks like powdery mildew with the white spots. I would suggest cleaning your plant's leaves and treating it with neem oil after you pick off any caterpillars. It may require more than one treatment. This article will help you deal with it: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/schefflera/sticky-schefflera-leaves.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/schefflera/schefflera-plant-care.htm

Bt is often recommended for caterpillars/worms if you are reluctant to remove them manually.

It could be a couple of issues. The first that I would suspect would be a confined root system. Although The Pachira can handle a cramped root system, at some point it is good to fluff it out a bit. Remove the plant, and gently brush and shake away all of the old soil. Spread the roots, carefully, but thoroughly. Repot into a peat-rich soil mixture. Water in, and allow all extra water to exit the container, and discard it.

If this does get repotted often, then I could suspect that there is a humidity issue. They will enjoy some humidity if the air is dry. A humidifier can help, or a simple pebble tray to hold water underneath the pot can help with this.

This article will offer more information on the care of the tree:

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/pachira-money-tree/growing-money-tree-houseplant.htm

I am always optimistic in cases like this so I wouldn't throw it out just yet. It's possible only the top growth was damaged and it will come back from the roots. (I've included an article link that says some outdoor specimens do that.)

Did the stems turn brown too, or just the leaves? The second article I'm attaching says to cut damaged stems all the way back. If they are green you don't need to. I'm sure you've given it a drink of water to help it. Shefflera don't need fertilizer but if you want to give it a diluted boost of fertilizer that might help.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/schefflera/outdoor-schefflera-care.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/environmental/tips-for-saving-cold-damaged-plants.htm

You might try cutting back on the fertilizer. Scheffleras don't require feeding so too much can be detrimental. Once a year is plenty. Also check your lighting conditions. They need bright, but indirect light.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/schefflera/schefflera-plant-care.htm

You'll need to prune your plant. Here's an article with tips:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/schefflera/schefflera-plant-pruning.htm