Can plants with hanging shoots be trimmed back to the pot?
Yes, in most cases this is fine. Try not to take more than 1/3 of the plant off when you trim it, to avoid over pruning.
How is sap flow affected by pruning?
Sap naturally flows throughout the tree. When there is a wound or opening, such as from pruning, the sap will simply flow from the tree. Since this can cause infections to occur, pruning is often performed while trees are dormant or during periods when peak sap production is limited. Here is an article that you may find helpful: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tgen/what-is-tree-sap.htm
I have a large hedge that is taking over. I want to prune back but will pruning now kill the shrubs? I live in Lexington, SC.
While it mostly depends on the type of hedge you have, if it has become unruly, it should be fine to trim it back some. Most shrubs can be cut back by a third without harm.
We moved to northern Illinois outside Chicago. What gets pruned in the fall?
There are many, many plants that need fall care. Too many for me to list. If you let me know what plants you have in your yard, I can let you know when they need to be pruned.
When a flower is dead do I pinch off the flower only or remove the little branch stem the flower is on as well. ex: flower is on little 1" stem.
This article should help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/fgen/deadheading-flowers.htm
Best way to deadhead?
Here is more information that should help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/fgen/deadheading-flowers.htm
The best way to deadhead is follow the bloom stem as far toward the plant as possible and cut it with a sterilized knife or scissors. The wound will be clean so no possible disease is spread, and the cut won't rip the plant.
How can I prune the leaves back, as there are far too many on the plant itself?
Different plants require different pruning needs. Let us know which plant you are referring to and we can be of more help.