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The pollen appears as a powdery substance. If you are looking at a male flower, then you will see a yellowish powder. Whatever structure it is on, you can transfer this powder (pollen) to the female flower.

This article on telling the different between male and female flowers on squash applies to melons as well:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/squash/female-male-squash-blossoms.htm

These articles should help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/cantaloupe/growing-cantaloupe.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/cantaloupe/harvesting-cantaloupe.htm

This article should help with that: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/cantaloupe/harvesting-cantaloupe.htm

It is possible that it got bacterial wilt. This article has more information:
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/BWSigPoster.htm

If you are seeing the yellow flowers, it will start growing melons soon. Melons have male and female flowers, like squash (https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/squash/female-male-squash-blossoms.htm). It will put out lots of male blossoms at first and will eventually put out female blossoms. If you see the female blossoms and immature fruit falling off, you may need to hand pollinate. This article will help with that: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/melons/hand-pollinating-melons.htm

Bigger fruit comes from better soil. This fall, when you clean up your garden, mix in large amounts of organic material, like rotted manure and compost. Add in some bone meal as well. The nutrients will have a chance to mellow over the winter and will be ready to go come spring.

Then, next year, make sure that your plants are getting more than enough water. Water stressed plants will produce smaller fruit.