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This sounds like a case of needing to be fed, and needing more light! This will happen if nutrients aren't available, or if there is not enough sunlight to sustain optimal growth. This article will give you more information on the care of Aloe: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/aloe-vera-plant-care.htm

Those are open! That is what they look like when they are mature. They don't ever "bloom" like other flowers do.

This article will give you more information:https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/flowering-aloe-vera-plants.htm

This article covers propagation.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/aloe-plant-propagation.htm

Aloe Vera propagation is done by offsets or pups.
These articles will help you.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/dividing-aloe-plants.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/aloe-plant-propagation.htm

That is strange. Compaction can have these results, but usually letting it sit for a few seconds will allow it to absorb.

If this is clay soil, then you will want to amend this. Clay soil can be difficult to work with, and turns into an impenetrable barrier to water.

This article will help you to amend clay soil: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/how-to-improve-clay-soil.htm

This article will help you to grow Aloe outdoors: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/growing-aloe-outdoors.htm

It looks fine to me. When the soil is dry, you can try pulling up on the soil ball to see if roots are encircling the plant. I doubt that it is rootbound, though.

It is growing, but it may be stretching a little, so try giving it more light. They need bright light and do best in south or west facing windows. They don't really need fertilizer but if you want to fertilize, do it once a year in the spring.

Here is more on care.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/aloe-vera-plant-care.htm