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Your plant actually looks quite healthy.
They require a high light level, which you can achieve by positioning the plant within 3 feet of an unshaded south- or west-facing window. In cooler, cloudier climates and in homes with north- or east-facing windows, light levels should be supplemented with artificial grow-lights. A fluorescent lamp positioned 1 to 2 feet above the aloe vera plant during daylight hours, or roughly 16 hours per day, will provide adequate light for healthy growth even in dim interiors. Just watch out for signs of too much light, such as blanched leaves or stunted new growth.

Overwatering is the most common mistake with Aloe Vera plants.
This article will refresh you on the care requirements.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/aloe-vera-plant-care.htm

Aloe Vera is best to propagate from little pups that form on plants.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/aloe-plant-propagation.htm

There is a good chance that this will survive. You may plant it and treat it like you would a mature aloe. I have done this many times, and now have so many aloe plants that I give them away when I can! Not to mention that I have to "thin out the herd" very often. They do tend to like to crowd, and will do fine in this manner.

This is not big deal. You can get it to root rather easily, so this is nothing to worry about. This article will give you more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/aloe-plant-propagation.htm

There is nothing to worry about. This is an aerial root. Just a root that has formed outside of the soil. Nothing will really come of it, and it won't harm the plant. Just let it continue on.

This article will give you more information on the care of aloe: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/aloe-vera-plant-care.htm

This can be considered a rare occurrence, but it means that the plant has received the perfect care. As for planting it out... I don't know if I would do that. If it happens to get just a little cooler than usual, you could chance losing the aloe.

This article will offer more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/aloe-vera/flowering-aloe-vera-plants.htm