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Because it is the first year, I would recommend mulching the crown of the plant. Bubble wrap is fine around the container, but make sure it is not touching the plant, as plastic touching a plant in the wintertime can actually damage it. After this year, there will be no need to provide extra protection. These plants are very hardy once established and can take the cold.

There could be many reasons that your trumpet vine didn't survive. They are quite tolerable to the light conditions you describe.
I personally treat my new plantings with extra watering during the first 1 to 3 years of planting to help them get established.

Here is link to a great article about Trumpet Vine.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/vines/trumpet-vine/growing-trumpet-vines.htm

Also another link about other planting for a fence.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/vines/ovgen/growing-plant-cover-fence.htm

I would give your trumpet vine some more time. It tends to leafs out on new growth later in the spring than most plants. Also, with a harsh winter and a cold spring, some plants are slow to come out of dormancy. Trumpet vines bloom on new wood so you should see new stems developing this season.

For more information on growing trumpet vine, please visit the following link:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/vines/trumpet-vine/growing-trumpet-vines.htm

I would give it more time. I have read about people in the same position as you - a dead looking vine and wondering about new growth and then voila!, here it comes in late spring. This spring has been on the cold side so many plants are taking their dear old time coming out of dormancy.

For more information on trumpet vine, please visit the following link:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/vines/trumpet-vine/growing-trumpet-vines.htm

Here is an article that will help you:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/vines/trumpet-vine/trumpet-vine-no-blooms.htm

Trumpet Vine should be hardy from down to Zone 4.
Nearly the entire United States suffered below normal winter temperatures. This may be the cause of the loss of you plant, not necessarily the late spring blizzard.
Trim away any dead material and see if any new growth may appear.
I'm still seeing loss and damage in my garden this spring. I understand the frustration, but sometimes the loss makes for new planting opportunities!

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/vines/trumpet-vine/growing-trumpet-vines.htm