How does one go about testing the soil?
You can either buy a soil testing kit at a plant nursery or you can take a soil sample to your local extension service to be tested, either for free or a small fee. All states have an extension service and they are normally associated with a college near you.
Recently I purchased a soil testing kit. In it one can test pH, nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. However, the accompanying manual only tells what pH is needed for specific plants. It does not tell you what the content of the others should be in the soil. Only that it can range from Very High to Very Low. How can I know what the nitrogen, potassium and phosphate levels should be for my crops?
It doesn't say because it can vary greatly depending on age and variety of plants you are growing. For that style of soil test kit, you are looking for a rating of medium (or equivalent) to low-high in any of these nutrients.
Rule of thumb is that for flowering and fruiting and young plants, you want a slightly higher phosphorous as this helps with flowering and root development. For foliage plants, a somewhat higher nitrogen is good as nitrogen grow leaves. For established plants, a balanced makeup is needed.
When do I change the soil of my plants?
With houseplants, it is best to fully change soil when repotting only. Other than that, once a year you can remove the top 1-2 inches of soil and replace that only.
Garden soil test results: high pH, low nitrogen, low phosphorous, high potash. How do I repair?
These articles should help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/raise-acid-level-soil.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/lower-acid-soil.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/nitrogen-plant-fertilizer.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/phosphorus-plant-growth.htm
My garden is approx. 25 ft. x 20 ft. How much topsoil should I add?
Typically, you want to spread it about 2-3" deep across the area that you are looking to amend.
How do you check pH levels and what do you do if they are off?
To check pH, you need to do a soil test. You can either have one done at your local extension service or you can buy a test at a local plant nursery.
These articles will help you with correcting your pH, should it be off:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/raise-acid-level-soil.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/lower-acid-soil.htm
I just tested the soil in what will be my vegetable garden. The pH is high, the nitrogen level is very low, the phosphorus is high and the potash is low. Can you recommend the best way to adjust these levels in time for spring planting?
These articles will help:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/lower-acid-soil.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/nitrogen-plant-fertilizer.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/plants-potassium.htm
Normally when you correct low nitrogen, this will correct the high phosphorus.