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It is most likely a fungus (mushrooms). Here is more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/getting-rid-of-mushrooms-growing-in-houseplant-soil.htm

It sounds like a pest infestation, like mealy bugs. Can you give us more detail about the spots? We can give more detailed remedies for the pest if we can figure out what it is for certain. In the meantime, treat the plant with a neem oil and keep it away from other plants to keep it from spreading.

These articles should also help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/mealybugs-white-residue-on-plants-leaves.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/pesticides/neem-oil-uses.htm

This article will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/rubber-tree/prune-rubber-tree.htm

The pot might be too big! Plants fill the available soil with roots before they turn their attention to growing leaves. Also, the soil might have too much moisture. I once had a rubber tree that had been 1' tall with small leaves for several years. When I started to test the soil all the way to the bottom of the pot, and not water it until the bottom soil was feeling only the slightest bit damp, it almost overnight began to grow.

As long as the split is down the trunk and not across the trunk, the tree can recover. Tie the split together and it should be fine. The split likely will not ever join back together, but as long as the bark is intact, the tree can live fine being that way.