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Roses need a minimum of 6 hours/day of direct sunlight. Here is some info on growing roses: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/roses/starting-a-rose-garden.htm

Assuming the rose is getting a minimum of 6 hrs of direct sunlight daily, I can only suspect that you have a dud. It might be that the graft failed (or pruning cuts were below the graft) and rootstock took over; this may have happened at the nursery. Sometimes a rose develops a "blind shoot" but an entire shrub of blind shoots is unheard of. If you purchased from a rose grower, let them know; if they have heard of similar problems with this particular rose, you may be given store credit. One last thought is to make sure you aren't over-fertilizing. Too much nitrogen favors green growth, not flowers. I don't think this is the problem since you should get a few flowers even with high nitrogen.

Once they have gotten into that habit, it will be very difficult to get it to change. You can try pruning the higher up areas hard and hope that causes some bloom producing growth lower.

Rose trees are grafted creations by man and thus not naturally occurring in nature. The upper desired rose bush is grafted onto a hardy standard/rose to create the tree effect. In many cold climates they are considered annuals as the top part just cannot survive winter without some major protection. Sorry to say but yours does look to have passed on. You could try pruning it a bit a see if that sends a message to it to grow.

The point of grafting is to have vigorous roots. You can take stem cuttings but you lose the root vigor. Remember the root stock is mature and can nourish the growing plant better than small roots from a stem cutting. So it will take longer for your cutting to reach mature size and to flower. Some argue that the only purpose of grafting these days is to get roses to a marketable size faster. Rootstock is often hardier and better able to stand temperature extremes than own root. Here is the how-to of stem cuttings: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/roses/roses-from-cuttings.htm

There are some simple steps to take if the tap water is hard (alkaline and limey). First, contact or go online and look for the specs from your provider's water testing. If you are at the very high end, consider using a filter on the tap or letting the watering can sit for a day before use. Much of the lime will settle to the bottom so don't use the last one inch in the can. Here are some other measures: http://homeguides.sfgate.com/water-plants-alkaline-water-tap-water-70007.html
Without a picture, I am only guessing but I hope it is an educated guess. I, too, have hard water but this has never led to a problem but I have in-ground roses. You may have "rose scale" which produces a whitish crusting on stems. There are many kinds of scale but take a look at white rose scale images to rule this problem out.