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It just depends on the variety on how long it takes. On average, peppers normally need 100 days to reach maturity and produce fruit. It is getting cold, but you can bring them indoors once night time temps dip below 50F. They will not produce over the winter, but in the spring when you put them back out they will start producing almost immediately, giving you a 100 day head start from growing a new plant from seed.

This article will explain how to overwinter them:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/pepper/overwintering-peppers.htm

By May or June, you should be planting seedlings rather than seeds. Next year, try starting the seeds indoors about 6 weeks before your last frost date and then plant the seedlings out about when you planted the seeds this past year.

You can try overwintering your plants so that they are not a total loss (they likely will not flower this year). This article will explain more about that:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/pepper/overwintering-peppers.htm

It sounds like they have sunscald. This article will help:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/pepper/pepper-sunscald.htm

Vegetable seedlings need tons of light. If you don't have a sunny windowsill (5 hours or more), consider supplemental light. An inexpensive shop light using one cool white and one warm white bulb will work, IF you have the seedlings close enough to the bulbs, 6-10 inches. The link below shows how one person made a grow chamber, but the grow light works for me: http://suburbanvegetablegardening.com/poor-mans-grow-lighting/

I've found this to be a sign that the pepper is completely ripe. However, I've never seen it on a sweet pepper, usually just on jalapenos. Keeping the peppers harvested will increase the yield.

Depending on the size of the hole, I would imagine worms or slugs. Hopefully this article will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/pepper/worms-on-peppers.htm