I sprouted a peach tree from a seed. It's about 8" tall. What do I do next, just let it grow or prune or what? What do I do for the next couple of years so it will survive?
If it's in a container, I would leave it there for at least another season before planting out, just to make sure it's healthy and strong. If you planted the seed directly outside in its permanent location, that's fine. Just ensure that it receives protection from scorching afternoon sun (shade cloth works well) and cold winter temps (mulch should do). Do not prune the tree for at least the first couple of years. It needs to focus its energy on growth and anything under 2-3 ft. tall is really too small to be pruning anyway.
This article will help you with caring for your new peach tree: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/peach/peach-tree-care.htm
8 years ago I planted three peach trees from the Arbor Day Foundation and they began wonderfully. One took off like a shot, another not so good, and the third croaked. Of the two remaining, I seek more know how of the proper maintenance of the peach tree. Number one, the big'n, keeps producing and never fulfills with completed fruit and has needed trimming back from lack of strength in limbs to support weight and suffered some branch breakage. I am unaware if there is anything that will help in the focus of the tree itself strengthening its own limbs or if I need to add any "special" type fertilizer instead of a general equalized fertilizer to the roots for the limbs getting tougher so that they will be able to support what they produce.
Here are some links that will help you.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/peach/peach-tree-care.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/peach/fertilizing-peach-trees.htm
My fruit tree was green and thriving with peaches until a recent storm that dropped 6 inches of rain. Since then, my tree leaves turned yellow. Now I don't have any leaves and the branches are browning.
I have a problem. I had a dwarf peach tree that was broken by a dog. The main trunk is gone now but there were several small "branches" coming out from the bottom of the trunk that were still alive, so I let them grow. Unfortunately, I now have a peach "bush" rather than a tree. It's pretty unsightly but it's alive, produces peaches (albeit small) and I don't have the heart to kill it. I would like to grow it back into a tree again. Is there a way to do this?
Keep an eye on the wound of the tree incase it attracts insects or disease.
Just allow it to heal and do the wait and see approach.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/peach/peach-tree-care.htm
Our peaches were ripening nicely when they disappeared without a trace (2nd wk of July) in Raleigh area. The same thing happened to the peaches on my daughter-in-law's tree about 11 miles away.
Peach thieves or squirrels.
You could set up a night camera to find out the culprits.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/fegen/squirrel-proof-fruit-trees.htm
Nearly ripe peaches have been falling off my peach tree rapidly. Nearly all of them look normal. However, when opened there is a black moldy, pulp type substance all around the pit. There is also an odd semi sticky black substance laying in the top portion of the split of the peach. It's also black in appearance. What is this?
The black mold sounds like sooty mold fungus, which is often caused by insect pests. Neem oil will help with both issues (the pests and fungus). For additional reasons for premature fruit drop, this article will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/peach/peach-tree-fruit-drop.htm
I live in Penn Valley area CA. Does my tree have leaf curl and peach scab?
This appears to be Peach Scab.
Here is a link with more information.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/peach/peach-leaf-curl.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/peach/peach-scab-treatment.htm