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Your pot looks large for the size of ivy that is planted. To large of pot will cause root rot.

I would find a smaller pot and repot the ivy with a good quality potting mix. A 4" or 5" pot would be adequate.
Here is a link with proper care.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/ivy/indoor-ivy-care.htm

This is called honeydew and it's the residue from pests. Spider Mites are a common pest on Ivy, though it could be others.
Treat the Ivy with Neem Oil.
Make sure you keep this plant away from others until the pests are gone.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/pesticides/neem-oil-uses.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/what-is-honeydew.htm

The answer depends both on the species and variety of plant and the climate of your area. Some plants are perennials in warm climates but are annuals in cold climates because the winter cold will kill them.

If you know the botanical name or common name of your plant, you can look up whether it is an annual or perennial, and what its cold hardiness is. Research the "gardening zones" the plant can be grown in. This article explains how to use gardening zones:

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/the-importance-of-regional-gardening-zones.htm

See this article about ivy pests:

http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/PLANTS/ivy.html

You certainly could see loss of the plant. The heavy compaction of the soil can make it quite difficult for the roots to breath.
You will likely need to wait and see.

Here are some articles to help you.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/groundcover/english-ivy/english-ivy-plant-care.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/improving-compacted-soil.htm

Yes, you can prune the dead plant material from the plants.