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This article will help you:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/insects/controlling-thrips.htm

We also like neem oil. Here is more info: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/pesticides/neem-oil-uses.htm

It sounds like you have thrips. These articles will help:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/bulbs/gladiola/gladiola-disease-pests.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/insects/controlling-thrips.htm

At this point, the best thing you can do for them would be to plant them in pots. They feel that the conditions are right to grow... they just lack light (which is why they are white). I would recommend planting them in pots and giving them some light (even a florescent light will help). Putting them somewhere a little cooler will slow their growth a bit until you can plant them outside.

I am afraid that you cannot propagate gladiolas from cuttings. They are propagated from seeds or corms.

They may be lacking phosphorus. Without enough phosphorus, they will not be able to bloom well or even at all. Bone meal is high in phosphorus, so that is a good choice. Here is more information:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/phosphorus-plant-growth.htm

I would go ahead and plant them now, though storing is another option. Here is more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/bulbs/bgen/how-to-store-bulbs-that-have-sprouted.htm