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This article should help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/disease/shot-hole-disease-fungus.htm

These articles have more information that may help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/peach/peach-scab-treatment.htm, https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/apples/treating-apple-scab-fungus.htm

Small trees like that do not have a large enough root system to do damage to a foundation. They are commonly planted rather close to homes for this reason. You should be fine and will not need to do anything special to keep it in check.

Most people just leave them, as they will eventually blow away on their own. However, if these are causing a problem for you, you can either use a leave blower to move them or rake the blossoms up.

Generally, trees are quite resilient and will heal themselves. If you foresee the weed whacker continuing to be a problem, I would recommend making small collars for them out of flexible plumbing pipe to keep the weed whacker from doing further damage. The following article should also be of some help to you: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tgen/repairing-tree-bark-damage.htm

Yes, there are a couple I can think of. The Kwanzan Oriental cherry tree has pink flowers and produces small, red cherries. The Barbados cherry tree is also known for its pink blooms and tasty fruit.