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They are not harmful to eat, but once they flower, the plants turn very bitter tasting. Most people do not enjoy the flavor.

Provided that the plants are getting adequate light now, along with other necessary requirements, they should be ok. But only time will tell for sure.

This article will tell you more about preventing bolting (flowering) in your broccoli: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/broccoli/bolting-broccoli-growing-broccoli-in-hot-weather.htm.
At this point, the plant may not be edible. Stalks should be cut off as soon as yellow flowers begin to appear. Here's another helpful article: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/broccoli/how-to-grow-broccoli.htm

It will continue to produce smaller sideshoots that are edible. You won't get a full head, but these side shoots normally can provide about 1/2 a head's worth of broccoli until the plant fades. You can also decide to pull them up and plant something more productive there, if you would like.

You may want to try blotting the cut end right after harvest and get them into the cold in your fridge as quickly as possible. Actually, to keep them crisp, you want to keep them as dry and as cool as you can quickly as possible.

This article tells quite a bit about bone meal. Use on veggies is pretty much the same as on flowers.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/bone-meal-fertilizer.htm
In addition, this article might be of interest to you http://spokane-county.wsu.edu/spokane/eastside/Fact%20Sheets/C141%20Vegetable%20Fertilizer%20Guide%2005.pdf