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Brownish bumps that you can scrape off with your fingernail are scale insects. You don't mention sticky residue, but some scales don't make much of it, so you can follow the advice in this article: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/spider-plant/sticky-spider-plant-leaves.htm

Spider plants are tropicals and can't live through a northern winter, so you'll have to bring them indoors. You can cut the outer leaves back to leave a smaller plant. In fact you should do this as part of the acclimating process: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/acclimate-plants-indoors-winter.htm
If you want to make some smaller plants, you can also cut the entire root ball into 2 or 3 pieces and repot them as new plants. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/learn-more-about-repotting-houseplants.htm

If the mother plant's leaves are green, all is well. Just give the plantlets time to mature. If the mother plant is pale or yellowish, or has many brown tips, you might need to leach the soil well (run alot of water through it, about 5X the volume of soil) to remove extra mineral salts. You could also try repotting, washing out the old soil and using fresh (I like 50 - 50 mix of cactus potting soil and perlite.) Alternatively, if you haven't fertilized in a year or so, some balanced fertilizer is due. Spider plants don't produce flowers and baby plants until they are potbound, so it may take a year or two after you repot before it starts bushing out again. This article has more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/spider-plant/spider-plant-care-gardening-tips-for-spider-plants.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/learn-more-about-repotting-houseplants.htm

Far more important than cleaning off the sticky stuff is getting rid of the bugs that are dripping the sticky stuff. The sticky stuff is called honeydew, the bugs suck the fluids out of your plants, and can ultimately kill them. This article will tell you more about the bugs, and how to eradicate them and clean the mess they leave behind. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/what-is-honeydew.htm

Trimming off the brown ends of leaves in no way damages the plant. If you make two long cuts, meeting at a point in the middle, so as to preserve the natural shape of the leaf, your plant will look 100% better.

What location were the spider plants transplanted to? Maybe that location was not ideal? Spider plants will get leaf burn if they receive exposure to direct sunlight. They should be in a location where they receive high, indirect light.

Spider plants also enjoy cooler temperatures (55-65 degrees) more than hot ones. They usually do not like temperatures above 80 degrees.

A spider plant prefers a soil pH of 6.0-7.5 so it is somewhat neutral.

Tip burn in spider plants is caused by the fluoride and chlorine in tap water, so be sure to go back to using rainwater or distilled water.

For more information on the care of spider plants, please visit the following link:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/spider-plant/spider-plant-care-gardening-tips-for-spider-plants.htm