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While there has not been too much hard study done on this, what little research there is suspects that the high sugar content in beer helps to accelerate the naturally occurring bacteria, fungus and microbes in the soil, which attack the plant.

Also, the alcohol may cause the roots to take in less water, which stresses the plants (and makes them even more susceptible to the previously mentioned attackers.)

I would recommend the blue boy rosemary variety. It stays small and is rather hardy.

Rosemary indoors can be tricky. This article will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/rosemary/grow-rosemary-indoors.htm

Rosemary is hard to keep alive indoors. If the plant itself is dried out to the stem, it will not recover. If only the soil is completly dried out, then soaking the pot in a tub of water will help rehydrate the soil again so the plant can get the water it needs. It does sound like it may be dead, but just to make sure, this article can help you test it to be sure: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/environmental/how-to-tell-if-a-plant-is-dead-and-how-to-recover-an-almost-dead-plant.htm

This article should also help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/rosemary/growing-rosemary-plants-rosemary-plant-care.htm

No, it is an evergreen plant. If the leaves fall off, it is dying.

It sounds like your plant is experiencing some shock at a rapid environment change. Anytime you move a plant from indoors to outdoors and vice versa, it needs to be acclimated (https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/acclimating-houseplants-outdoors.htm).

I would treat it the same as if it had transplant shock. Here is information on how to do that:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/environmental/learn-how-to-avoid-and-repair-transplant-shock-in-plants.htm