The "hen" of my hen and chicks plant seems to have a sticky white substance coming out of it. Would this be from root rot? Fruit flies seem to be attracted to it. This is an indoor plant.
Check your plants carefully for pests such as aphids or scale. They both produce honeydew, which is a sticky substance.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/info/what-is-honeydew.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/cacti-succulents/hens-chicks/growing-hens-and-chicks.htm
Should I do anything to them if I leave outside in winter
They are hardy in your area, and in fact, down to zone 3! They will go into a dormant state over the winter, and not much will need to be done. Just make sure that they don't remain wet, constantly.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/cacti-succulents/hens-chicks/growing-hens-and-chicks.htm
I have an established apple tree: would like to put hens and chickens around the base. Is this healthy or not for any tree?
That, particular, species would be fine to put around the base of your trees. It wouldn't harm anything.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/apples
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/cacti-succulents/hens-chicks
How bright should the light be
Yes, you can use a plant light on your Hen and Chicks 'Black' (Sempervivum species). These plants are hardy succulents that thrive in bright, indirect sunlight, so you would want to replicate similar conditions with a plant light. A full-spectrum LED grow light that mimics natural sunlight is ideal for succulents. The light should be bright, around 2,000 to 3,000 lumens, and you should keep it on for about 12-16 hours a day. Make sure the light is positioned about 6-12 inches above the plant, adjusting based on how the plant responds to avoid burning or inadequate lighting.
This article will go over the general care needs of the plant, which you will want to replicate:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/cacti-succulents/hens-chicks/growing-hens-and-chicks.htm
if so how do I know if I overwater my hen and chicks black
Unless that is all that you have, I would use purified or spring water. Either will avoid harsh salts added, as well. They like it better dry than wet. Just water them until water runs out of the container, and remove all of the extra water that gathers. Wait until their soil is almost completely dry, or even let it dry out all of the way before watering. As long as water can drain out of the container, fully, and it dries between watering, you are good. In fact, they would prefer neglect to some degree.
dose the plant really die after seeding and is there a way to prevent dying after seeding
I cannot recommend any videos, other than recommending to search on sites such as Youtube. You will need to wait until it flowers and goes to seed. I see no signs of flowering. There is no way to save the mother once that happens. You'll just have to replant one of its offshoots. It is very difficult to grow these from seed, especially if you are just starting out with these plants. These are extremely hard to kill, so just follow general care guidelines for them. Less care is better.
This search will show more of our articles to help you with these plants.
https://search.brave.com/search?q=Site%3Awww.gardeningknowhow.com+%22Hens+and+Chicks%22&source=web
I only have potting soil and sand/gravel should I mix them
Yes. Please refer to the first article on their care, as it goes over what to do and the ratios.