Why is the outer leaf greener than the inner leaf?
This really depends on the type of plant you're referring to, as it could be normal in some plants (such as with certain varieties or varietgated plants). An issue with light can sometimes cause inner leaves to become more pale in color while outer leaves remain darker green. Nutrient deficient plants can also have symtoms similar to this.
Using organic methods, how can I make plants grow fast?
Growing healthy plants involves giving them the optimum amounts of all the things they need : water, light, and nutrients. Then, each kind of plant will perform at its best. Not all plants grow "fast," but those that do, will.
This article tells you how to use organic methods to grow the healthiest garden possible: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/organic/how-to-grow-an-organic-garden.htm
And if you're interested in growing plants indoors, this article tells you more about doing that organically: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/organic/indoor-organic-gardening.htm
What is the balance needed of potash, phosphorus, nitrogen?
This is really dependent on the plant, but usually the balanced nutrient NPK for most is 10-10-10. Here is more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/fertilizer-numbers-npk.htm
What does it mean when the foliage only grows and the flower does not bloom?
Oftentimes, this is an indication that the plant is receiving too much nitrogen and not enough phosphorus. Nitrogen is responsible for the lush, green growth on plants while phosphorus is responsible for flowering and fruiting. Try giving the plant a higher phosphorus fertilizer or add bone meal to the soil. Here is more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/phosphorus-plant-growth.htm
Which type of fertilizer to use (powder - sprinkle around the plant) or the mix you use with water from hose and how often? I just purchased a variety of perennial Floridian flowering shrubs and plants.
Either is fine. It is really a personal preference as to which you use. You can fertilize about once a month in the spring and summer following the directions on the package of fertilizer you purchase.
I purchased Organic Miracle Gro fertilizer, which lists as 7-1-2. It says it is an all-around fertilizer. But, today I read that if you want your flowers to bloom heavily, you need a larger middle number. Should I go ahead and use the 7-1-2 on my flowers and vegetables?
You can still use it, but to increase your chances of good bloom set and fruiting, I would add some bone meal to the soil as well. Here is more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/bone-meal-fertilizer.htm
How long does blood meal last? Basically, do you have to purchase every year? Does it lose its strength? I used some I purchased last year when planting flowers this year, and the squirrels or something still dug them up.
You should normally use this fertilizer on nitrogen starved plants/soil. Depending on the amount used and type of plants fertilized, it can last up to three months. The best way to tell if you need to add blood meal is to have your soil tested. This article will also help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/blood-meal-fertilizer.htm