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Some communities have "take-back" weekends. Sometimes the products being taken back are specific, like tires, paint, oil, medicine, garden chemicals. Check with your local refuse department for upcoming events. If you aren't planning on using the compost,, it probably wouldn't hurt to add your leftovers to the compost.

It is not necessary, but it is not harmful at all. In fact, it will add some micronutrients that the compost may not contain.

Chopping the needles up as fine as possible will help significantly. If they are brown needles, you will need a green material like food scraps to balance it out. The ratio is 4:1, browns to greens. The ash can be added in, but is considered to be a neutral element in balancing compost.

Keeping the tumbler in as warm a place as you can find will be helpful. Composting happens best in warm environments. In your area, even just getting it out of the wind will help speed up the process.

These articles will be helpful:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/ingredients/browns-greens-compost.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/ingredients/composting-ashes.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/basics/heating-up-compost-pile.htm

I would not recommend putting coal or coal ash into compost. It contains traces of heavy metal that are not healthy.

There is no easy way to answer that. It really depends on many things, such as what you are composting and how often you turn it and how damp you keep it. But with small, closed composters like that, you can expect compost in 4-6 weeks under best conditions.

Most ashes are safe to mix into your compost pile, but coal ashes are not. They contain sulfur and iron in amounts high enough to damage plants. Therefore, I would not recommend putting this coal or coal ash into compost, as these traces of heavy metal are not healthy.