Q.Weeping Cherry Tree rapid decline
We recently purchased a flowering weeping cherry tree at our local Home Depot. The tree was advertised as being 50 percent off. An employee stated that the tree had a fungus (Brown spots and holes in the leaves along with a curled and wilted appearance to the leaves) and said that it should be sprayed but would still be okay. He referred us to the Bonide Copper Spray (see attached image). We then sprayed the tree in a relatively shaded area on a cloudy day. Over the next few days however, the tree has taken a turn for the worse. The majority of the foliage has turned brown and crispy. Will the tree survive and leaf out again?

This sounds like a case of Hole Shot disease. The tree was likely stressed from it's time at the garden center.
Copper fungicide is recommended treatment with the pruning and removal of infected plant material.
I would return the tree for a replacement.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/disease/shot-hole-disease-fungus.htm