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These articles will help you.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/special/urban/rat-control-in-city-gardens.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/animals/eliminate-rats-in-gardens.htm

To germinate tomato seeds (get them to start growing), you need to give them moisture, as explained here:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/tomato/growing-tomatoes-from-seed.htm

Milk or coffee might work, but they might have different effects on the seeds than water does. Think about the pH (acidity) of milk or coffee and how that might affect seeds.

This article has more information:
http://www.scienceforkidsclub.com/seed-germination.html

Interesting question that I do not have specifics to give you.

The amount of pollen in flowers can depend on the number of male and female flowers, and many environmental conditions.

You may want to contact a research program that may be able to answer this question.

This would indicate that the soil has too much nitrogen, or that the soil pH is a little low. You can offset this by adding dolomitic lime, and anything with a high phosphorus and potassium ratio.

Here is an article that will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/tomato/growing-tomatoes-guide.htm

As long as the weather remains above 50 degrees, or you can keep it close to that then you can start at any time. If you start in trays, you will have to transplant within a week or so. If you start in a pot, then you can leave them in for just a little longer. Just make sure they don't get subjected to cold weather, and they will be fine.

Here is an article that will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/tomato/growing-tomatoes-guide.htm

Seedless Tomato Plants should be kept away from other tomatoes, as to not cross pollinate.

Here is a link with more information.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/tomato/growing-seedless-tomatoes.htm