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The best thing you can do is add a pesticide to the soil. This will kill the root maggots and prevent any further damage. Here is an article that you may find helpful: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/root-eating-insects-identifying-vegetable-root-maggots-and-root-maggot-control.htm

Before replanting anything, I would recommend solarizing the soil to kill off any pests or disease that remain. This should help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/projects/how-to-solarize-garden-beds-to-eliminate-garden-pests-in-the-soil.htm

Are the spots powdery in nature or bleached out looking? It could be attributed to either powdery mildew or from water spots associated with overhead watering or splashing of the leaves. Limiting overhead watering will help with this water spots. The powdery mildew can be treated with neem oil, which is an effective and safe fungicide. It will also guard against many insect pests. (and yes after thorough washing, it will be safe to eat) Here is more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/pesticides/neem-oil-uses.htm

Root crops need somewhat cooler temps and loose soil to properly form a bulb. If you are noticing more top growth and little to no bulb formation, it is likely due to a fertilizing/nutrient issue. While a soil test would allow you to know for certain, it may be that you have too much nitrogen and too little phosphorus. Lots of nitrogen will result in plenty of leafy growth but if your soil is lacking phosphorus, there will be poor root growth. I would add some more phosphorus, like bone meal, to the soil and give it some more time. Also, make sure the plants are adequately mulched to keep the soil cooler.

As for the pole beans with no blossoms, a lack of phosphorus would be responsible for this as well.

This normally indicates that the soil is too heavy. Adding organic material such as compost or rotted manure will help to make the soil lighter and easier for root vegetables to grow in.

If you are getting lots of foliage and no or not much produce, there is probably too much nitrogen in the soil. Take a soil sample for testing. Your local agricultural extension office can tell you where and how. They can explain the results and offer advice and recommendations.
I would start composting. It may take 2-3 years to have enough compost to make a noticeable difference, but it's worth the wait and superior to store bought stuff. Perlite aids in aeration of the soil, not holding moisture. Your compost will help hold moisture. So will mulching with sections of newspaper. The newspaper keeps moisture in, weeds down, and will degrade into compost during the season. The store bought stuff might have a fertilizer that will either leach out in a few watering's or a time release. Either way, vegetables are heavy feeders. Have your soil tested, and follow recommendations of the results...and start composting!