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Yes, you can still plant this now. It is a relative of carrots and will grow quickly. Just to let you know though, this is considered a noxious and invasive weed in many areas and it is technically illegal to plant in many areas because of this.

Yes, you can grow them in container. Just remember to get a container that is fairly deep, as these are actually a species of carrot, and will require similar care. They will grow only leaves the first year, and flower the second.

There are many plants suitable for butterfly gardens. You can find out more in this article: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/beneficial/attracting-butterflies.htm

First check with your state and county about the legality of planting Queen Anne's Lace, Daucus carrota. It is highly invasive and banned in some areas. It readily sprouts from seeds allowed to fall from the plant. Lightly press into soil to keep seed from washing out during rains. Please be considerate of your neighbors and not allow it to go to seed.

Daucus carota, aka Queen Annes Lace is so invasive that it is prohibited to grow it in some states. What that tells you is that it grows so well that you'll be sorry you planted it. Each plant is capable of making thousands of seeds and germination rates are high. So check with your local authorities and think more than twice about planting it. It will invade your neighbors' gardens. Because of the carrot-like taproot, it can be hard to pull without using a deep trowel or shovel. It was popular in the 1950s before its aggressive nature was understood.

I would save them, but it doesn't have to be until next year. You can plant these in the fall. This article will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/queen-annes-lace/queen-annes-lace-plant.htm

Based on your photo, I would still say this is Queen Anne's Lace. The herb, Angelica, looks similar, but it has a flatter head. I do think this is the same plant. Queen Anne's Lace is quite invasive, so it is probably sprouting up in different places, different sizes. You may end up wanting to control it.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/queen-annes-lace