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This article will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/soilless-growing-mediums.htm

It depends on the plant you want to propagate or clone. There are specific rooting hormones for certain types of plants and which you can check out by checking the label.

This usually depends on the type of plant you are getting the cutting from. These articles should help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tgen/how-to-root-cuttings-from-various-shrubs-bushes-and-trees.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/projects/rooting-plant-cuttings.htm

This article will help: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/soilless-growing-mediums.htm

The best answer is it depends on the cultivar. Most vegetables can be grown from the plants seeds or cuttings. Fruits can be regrown from budding or
grafting onto new rootstocks. Do you have a particular item in mind?

In rooting cuttings, patience is the first rule - after keeping them moist. So don't let them dry out, and wait. When their time is right, little greenshoots will begin to appear. If it's been weeks and weeks, you can lift them very gently from the rooting medium, to see if roots are forming. If the cuttings are blackened, soft, withered, or the tops are crispy brown - no greenwood - I'm afraid you'll need to try again. If, of course, they still live, replace them with utmost care, and wait some more.