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Mosses are often used in terrariums, along with other small plants:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/making-moss-terrariums.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/terrariums-and-wardian-cases-in-your-home.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/how-to-set-up-a-terrarium.htm

As for simulating industrial environments, you could choose either plants that are often found growing in industrial or contaminated spots (pioneer or "weed" species like Arabidopsis, which is very environmentally tolerant) or plants that are intentionally planted to improve or stabilize industrial sites (Carex sedge might be an option).

Creeping thyme is an attractive, low to the ground plant that grows densely, so it should be suitable for your needs:
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/thyme/growing-creeping-thyme.htm

From this guide, it sounds like moneywort may be suitable for your site. It is also an attractive plant:
http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/landscaping/ground-covers-for-rough-sites/

Here are some other potential options:
https://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6835

There are some that can be planted, depending on what climate zone you are in. Your state has several zones, and this will dictate what you can plant and when. I will need to know which zone you reside in, and what annuals you intend to plant in order to give you more accurate information.

Although, I am not a lady (sorry I'm the only one who answers questions, currently, for the site) I will be more than happy to assist you with this. There are many, many succulents and cacti that could be perfect for your application here. The best thing about a cactus would be that it repels the animals by simply being very difficult to be near without getting poked.

There are, also, a great number of plants that, physically, repel cats.

These two articles will get you started:

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/cacti-succulents/scgen/hanging-succulent-plants.htm

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/houseplants/hpgen/cat-proofing-houseplants.htm

Yaupon Holly might work for your situation:
https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/2901/2901-1079/2901-1079.html

Various small conifers might also work. Here are some other ideas:
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/2016/12/5-worthy-trees-small-gardens
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tgen/small-trees-for-gardens.htm

Ideas that come to mind are landscape roses because they are prolific bloomers, dwarf butterfly bush for its long season of bloom, hydrangeas, small azaleas and a number of vines or trailing plants that could climb a small trellis. Will red look good against the brick work?