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Garlic tends to be slightly drought tolerant, and even more so in the winter months. Just water when it is dry, and make sure it doesn't get below -20 degrees. These are cold hardy plants. Here is an article for more information on growing garlic: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/garlic/growing-garlic.htm

Yes, you can transplant.
This article will help you.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/garlic/types-of-garlic-propagation.htm

This can be. I would wait until the growth slows down, or even now to divide them up, and remove the dead bulbs. Re plant the living bulbs, and give it fresh soil or compost. This should rejuvenate the plants.

Yes, it is definitely a companion for cabbage. I'll notify admin of the article stating that it isn't. Thank you.

My concern is not with the planting depth, but how late they are being planted. They can still grow at that depth just fine, but they do not tolerate heat well... This will slow them down drastically. They like cold weather, typically, and will want to be planted halfway through winter. They will still grow, but it will be much slower.

This article will give you more information: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/herbs/garlic/garlic-plant-bulbils.htm

These articles will help you.

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/animals/get-rid-squirrels.htm
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plant-problems/pests/animals/getting-rid-raccoons.htm