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Unfortunately I cannot identify the issue from these images.
Inspect the fronds, the trunk and the soil around you.
You can have a soil test performed to help determine if the palm is lacking nutrients.

I'm listing these links to help you.

http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/pests/plant_pests/trees/hgic2007.html
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/bottle-palm/caring-for-bottle-palm-trees.htm

It looks like, either, a bottle palm, or its cousin the spindle palm. You can ask your local extension service, and they can help you figure out exactly what this is. This link will help you locate the nearest one to you: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/extension-search/

A google search of "palm tree fertilizer" will take you to many results. It is your choice from there.

This will be completely up to you. The bottle palm will develop a slightly fatter trunk, but there is not much difference between the two besides this.

In this case, a photo will help greatly. This could be a number of issues, from fungal/bacterial, to a pest physically eating your leaves, to even wind damage.

A photo will help me to determine what course of action needs to be taken.

In the meantime, this article will give you information on the care of these palms: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/bottle-palm/caring-for-bottle-palm-trees.htm

It sounds like what you are seeing is a flower stalk. You can leave this until it dies off naturally. If you can include a photo, I would be able to see what it is and help you better.