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There are a few things that it could be. The most likely is that the tree is sucking up all the available water in the area. This is common with older trees who need a substantial amount of water to support themselves and it can be difficult to grow anything below them. The second could be that there is too little light. While anemone like shade, the shade beneath a healthy large tree may just be too deep. But then you would see growth and the growth would simply fail. It may be pests. While the bulbs may be covered, many small pests could get to the new growth and chew it to the ground before you saw it.