Q.How can I rescue my lemon tree that has grownall thorns
I trimmed down my new lemon tree one season and now it grows all thorny branches with no leaves and small fruits that are dry and full of seeds.
Is it possibe to still bring it back to life?

It is normal for Citrus trees to have thorns.
It's possible it will grow out of this thorny stage, but it will take time.
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/citrus/thorns-on-citrus-trees.htm
Your fruit issue could be results of growing conditions or actually could be fruit growing from the root stock. Root stock may be a variety that is not great in flavor.
You can try examining the base of the tree. If you have a visible graft line and the branches are below this graft; the top of your tree has died off. There would be now way to correct the fruit size or flavor. You would want to replace your tree in this case.